Non-resident directors of Spanish companies: requirements, practical issues and solutions

Nothing in the Spanish Companies Act (Ley de Sociedades de Capital, LSC) requires the director of a Spanish limited company (SL) or public company (SA) to be resident in Spain. The role may be held by any individual with full legal capacity, regardless of nationality or place of residence. In practice, however, a gap exists between the legal rule and the operational reality — and that gap matters.

The NIE: the first hurdle

The most immediate requirement is the NIE (número de identidad de extranjero), the Spanish tax identification number for foreign individuals. Under Article 15 of the General Tax Act (Ley 58/2003), any person with tax obligations or dealings with the Spanish tax authority must hold an NIF — which for non-Spanish nationals takes the form of a NIE. The Registro Mercantil will not register a director without one, and banks will not allow the company to operate if its director lacks this number.

The NIE is obtained at the Spanish Consulate in the director's country of residence — the most practical option when physical presence in Spain is not planned — or at an Immigration Office in Spain. Processing times range from two weeks to two months depending on the Consulate. A notarised power of attorney allows a representative to handle the application on the director's behalf.

The appointment: apostille and formalities

The appointment of a director is agreed at a general meeting or, where the bylaws allow, by the management body. The decision is executed in a public deed before a Spanish notary and registered at the Registro Mercantil.

If the incoming director accepts the appointment outside Spain, the document must be apostilled under the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 (if the country has ratified it) or legalised through diplomatic channels if not. The apostille authenticates the signature of the foreign notary or authority — not the content of the document. If the document is in a language other than Spanish, a sworn translation is also required.

Tax: IRNR withholding on director fees

When the company pays fees or remuneration to a non-resident director, it must withhold tax under the Non-Resident Income Tax Act (TRLIRNR):

• 24 % if the director resides in a country without a double tax treaty with Spain.
• 19 % if the director resides in an EU or EEA member state.
• Reduced treaty rate (commonly 0–15 % depending on the applicable convention) when the country of residence has a tax treaty with Spain, provided the director supplies a valid tax residence certificate.

The withholding is filed monthly or quarterly via Form 216 and summarised in the annual Form 296. Failure to withhold makes the company jointly liable for the director's tax.

Where the director receives no remuneration — common in subsidiaries of international groups — there is no taxable event, but the absence of pay must be expressly stated in the bylaws or in the deed of appointment, in line with the reform of Article 217 LSC.

Operational challenges of a remote director

Beyond the formal requirements, non-resident management creates recurring practical difficulties:

• Bank account opening: banks require the director or an authorised representative to be physically present, plus extensive identity verification under anti-money laundering rules.
• Notarial deeds: acts requiring a public deed — capital increases, amendment of bylaws, real estate transactions — require the director's physical presence or a representative holding a sufficiently broad power of attorney.
• Relations with the tax authority and Registro Mercantil: filing annual accounts, census declarations and electronic procedures require a digital certificate or a tax representative.
• Digital certificate: a non-resident director may obtain a personal digital certificate from the FNMT (Spain's national mint), though the process sometimes requires in-person accreditation at a consulate or in Spain. Once obtained, it enables online dealings with most public bodies.

The solutions we recommend

Experience shows that the most efficient structure for a Spanish company directed from abroad combines several instruments:

1. Joint director or managing director resident in Spain: appoint alongside the non-resident director a trusted person in Spain with sufficient authority for day-to-day matters, without ceding strategic control.
2. General power of attorney before a Spanish notary, with the banking, tax and registry powers required, granted to a local representative or adviser.
3. Digital certificate for the director, for matters that can be handled electronically.
4. Board resolution policy in the bylaws that delimits which decisions require the management body's approval, so the local representative can operate within clear boundaries.

How we help with non-resident directors of Spanish companies at RCM Legal

There are recurring friction points that, in practice, arise not from the appointment itself but from the operational coordination that follows: who signs the tax returns, who responds to the Spanish tax authority, who files the annual accounts. Poorly designed representation from the start generates delays, penalties for late filings and banking blockages that paralyse day-to-day operations. The choice between sole director, managing director or joint directors with a resident representative defines the company's level of operational agility for years.

At RCM Legal we advise international companies and non-resident shareholders on the design of the most appropriate management structure for each project, coordinate the appointment before a Spanish notary, manage the NIE and digital certificate process, and act as representative before the Agencia Tributaria and the Registro Mercantil. If you are setting up a company in Spain from abroad or need to resolve the management of a Spanish subsidiary, tell us about your situation.